---
name: python-package-writer
description: This skill should be used when writing Python packages following production-ready patterns and philosophy. It applies when creating new Python packages, refactoring existing packages, designing package APIs, or when clean, minimal, well-tested Python library code is needed. Triggers on requests like "create a package", "write a Python library", "design a package API", or mentions of PyPI publishing.
---

# Python Package Writer

Write Python packages following battle-tested patterns from production-ready libraries. Emphasis on simplicity, minimal dependencies, comprehensive testing, and modern packaging standards (pyproject.toml, type hints, pytest).

## Core Philosophy

**Simplicity over cleverness.** Zero or minimal dependencies. Explicit code over magic. Framework integration without framework coupling. Every pattern serves production use cases.

## Package Structure (src layout)

The modern recommended layout with proper namespace isolation:

```
package-name/
├── pyproject.toml          # All metadata and configuration
├── README.md
├── LICENSE
├── py.typed                # PEP 561 marker for type hints
├── src/
│   └── package_name/       # Actual package code
│       ├── __init__.py     # Entry point, exports, version
│       ├── core.py         # Core functionality
│       ├── models.py       # Data models (Pydantic/dataclasses)
│       ├── exceptions.py   # Custom exceptions
│       └── py.typed        # Type hint marker (also here)
└── tests/
    ├── conftest.py         # Pytest fixtures
    ├── test_core.py
    └── test_models.py
```

## Entry Point Structure

Every package follows this pattern in `src/package_name/__init__.py`:

```python
"""Package description - one line."""

# Public API exports
from package_name.core import Client, process_data
from package_name.models import Config, Result
from package_name.exceptions import PackageError, ValidationError

__version__ = "1.0.0"
__all__ = [
    "Client",
    "process_data",
    "Config",
    "Result",
    "PackageError",
    "ValidationError",
]
```

## pyproject.toml Configuration

Modern packaging with all metadata in one file:

```toml
[build-system]
requires = ["hatchling"]
build-backend = "hatchling.build"

[project]
name = "package-name"
version = "1.0.0"
description = "Brief description of what the package does"
readme = "README.md"
license = "MIT"
requires-python = ">=3.10"
authors = [
    { name = "Your Name", email = "you@example.com" }
]
classifiers = [
    "Development Status :: 5 - Production/Stable",
    "Intended Audience :: Developers",
    "License :: OSI Approved :: MIT License",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.10",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.11",
    "Programming Language :: Python :: 3.12",
    "Typing :: Typed",
]
keywords = ["keyword1", "keyword2"]

# Zero or minimal runtime dependencies
dependencies = []

[project.optional-dependencies]
dev = [
    "pytest>=8.0",
    "pytest-cov>=4.0",
    "ruff>=0.4",
    "mypy>=1.0",
]
# Optional integrations
fastapi = ["fastapi>=0.100", "pydantic>=2.0"]

[project.urls]
Homepage = "https://github.com/username/package-name"
Documentation = "https://package-name.readthedocs.io"
Repository = "https://github.com/username/package-name"
Changelog = "https://github.com/username/package-name/blob/main/CHANGELOG.md"

[tool.hatch.build.targets.wheel]
packages = ["src/package_name"]

[tool.ruff]
target-version = "py310"
line-length = 88

[tool.ruff.lint]
select = ["E", "F", "I", "N", "W", "UP", "B", "C4", "SIM"]

[tool.mypy]
python_version = "3.10"
strict = true
warn_return_any = true
warn_unused_ignores = true

[tool.pytest.ini_options]
testpaths = ["tests"]
addopts = "-ra -q"

[tool.coverage.run]
source = ["src/package_name"]
branch = true
```

## Configuration Pattern

Use module-level configuration with dataclasses or simple attributes:

```python
# src/package_name/config.py
from dataclasses import dataclass, field
from os import environ
from typing import Any


@dataclass
class Config:
    """Package configuration with sensible defaults."""

    timeout: int = 30
    retries: int = 3
    api_key: str | None = field(default=None)
    debug: bool = False

    def __post_init__(self) -> None:
        # Environment variable fallbacks
        if self.api_key is None:
            self.api_key = environ.get("PACKAGE_API_KEY")


# Module-level singleton (optional)
_config: Config | None = None


def get_config() -> Config:
    """Get or create the global config instance."""
    global _config
    if _config is None:
        _config = Config()
    return _config


def configure(**kwargs: Any) -> Config:
    """Configure the package with custom settings."""
    global _config
    _config = Config(**kwargs)
    return _config
```

## Error Handling

Simple hierarchy with informative messages:

```python
# src/package_name/exceptions.py
class PackageError(Exception):
    """Base exception for all package errors."""
    pass


class ConfigError(PackageError):
    """Invalid configuration."""
    pass


class ValidationError(PackageError):
    """Data validation failed."""

    def __init__(self, message: str, field: str | None = None) -> None:
        self.field = field
        super().__init__(message)


class APIError(PackageError):
    """External API error."""

    def __init__(self, message: str, status_code: int | None = None) -> None:
        self.status_code = status_code
        super().__init__(message)


# Validate early with ValueError
def process(data: bytes) -> str:
    if not data:
        raise ValueError("Data cannot be empty")
    if len(data) > 1_000_000:
        raise ValueError(f"Data too large: {len(data)} bytes (max 1MB)")
    return data.decode("utf-8")
```

## Type Hints

Always use type hints with modern syntax (Python 3.10+):

```python
# Use built-in generics, not typing module
from collections.abc import Callable, Iterator, Mapping, Sequence

def process_items(
    items: list[str],
    transform: Callable[[str], str] | None = None,
    *,
    batch_size: int = 100,
) -> Iterator[str]:
    """Process items with optional transformation."""
    for item in items:
        if transform:
            yield transform(item)
        else:
            yield item


# Use | for unions, not Union
def get_value(key: str) -> str | None:
    return _cache.get(key)


# Use Self for return type annotations (Python 3.11+)
from typing import Self

class Client:
    def configure(self, **kwargs: str) -> Self:
        # Update configuration
        return self
```

## Testing (pytest)

```python
# tests/conftest.py
import pytest
from package_name import Config, configure


@pytest.fixture
def config() -> Config:
    """Fresh config for each test."""
    return configure(timeout=5, debug=True)


@pytest.fixture
def sample_data() -> bytes:
    """Sample input data."""
    return b"test data content"


# tests/test_core.py
import pytest
from package_name import process_data, PackageError


class TestProcessData:
    """Tests for process_data function."""

    def test_basic_functionality(self, sample_data: bytes) -> None:
        result = process_data(sample_data)
        assert result == "test data content"

    def test_empty_input_raises_error(self) -> None:
        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot be empty"):
            process_data(b"")

    def test_with_transform(self, sample_data: bytes) -> None:
        result = process_data(sample_data, transform=str.upper)
        assert result == "TEST DATA CONTENT"


class TestConfig:
    """Tests for configuration."""

    def test_defaults(self) -> None:
        config = Config()
        assert config.timeout == 30
        assert config.retries == 3

    def test_env_fallback(self, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
        monkeypatch.setenv("PACKAGE_API_KEY", "test-key")
        config = Config()
        assert config.api_key == "test-key"
```

## FastAPI Integration

Optional FastAPI integration pattern:

```python
# src/package_name/fastapi.py
"""FastAPI integration - only import if FastAPI is installed."""
from typing import TYPE_CHECKING

if TYPE_CHECKING:
    from fastapi import FastAPI

from package_name.config import get_config


def init_app(app: "FastAPI") -> None:
    """Initialize package with FastAPI app."""
    config = get_config()

    @app.on_event("startup")
    async def startup() -> None:
        # Initialize connections, caches, etc.
        pass

    @app.on_event("shutdown")
    async def shutdown() -> None:
        # Cleanup resources
        pass


# Usage in FastAPI app:
# from package_name.fastapi import init_app
# init_app(app)
```

## Anti-Patterns to Avoid

- `__getattr__` magic (use explicit imports)
- Global mutable state (use configuration objects)
- `*` imports in `__init__.py` (explicit `__all__`)
- Many runtime dependencies
- Committing `.venv/` or `__pycache__/`
- Not including `py.typed` marker
- Using `setup.py` (use `pyproject.toml`)
- Mixing src layout and flat layout
- `print()` for debugging (use logging)
- Bare `except:` clauses

## Reference Files

For deeper patterns, see:
- **[references/package-structure.md](./references/package-structure.md)** - Directory layouts, module organization
- **[references/pyproject-config.md](./references/pyproject-config.md)** - Complete pyproject.toml examples
- **[references/testing-patterns.md](./references/testing-patterns.md)** - pytest patterns, fixtures, CI setup
- **[references/type-hints.md](./references/type-hints.md)** - Modern typing patterns
- **[references/fastapi-integration.md](./references/fastapi-integration.md)** - FastAPI/Pydantic integration
- **[references/publishing.md](./references/publishing.md)** - PyPI publishing, CI/CD
- **[references/resources.md](./references/resources.md)** - Links to exemplary Python packages